Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a naturally occurring antioxidant produced in the body and found in nearly every cell. It’s especially concentrated in energy-demanding organs like the heart, kidneys, liver, and pancreas. 

As part of the ubiquinone family—named for its widespread presence—CoQ10 plays a critical role in cellular energy production.

Specifically, CoQ10 helps generate ATP, the molecule that fuels most biological processes. Because of this, researchers have explored its potential to boost energy levels. Studies suggest that CoQ10 supplementation—sometimes combined with compounds like NADH or alpha lipoic acid—may help reduce fatigue in both healthy people and those with conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia.

A Great Multitasker

Beyond supporting energy, CoQ10 has been studied for a variety of health benefits. 

Evidence suggests it may:

• Help lower blood pressure
• Help reduce the frequency and severity of migraines
• Improve symptoms of congestive heart failure
• Lower the risk of death in people with heart failure
• Protect the heart from damage caused by certain chemotherapy drugs
• Its antioxidant properties may also help limit cellular damage associated with aging and chronic disease.

CoQ10 and Overall Health

Low levels of CoQ10 have been observed in people with conditions such as heart disease, high blood pressure, gum disease, and diabetes. In some cases, supplementation may help—for example, by supporting blood sugar control in people with diabetes.

CoQ10 levels naturally decline with age, which may contribute to reduced energy over time. This has led to growing interest in supplementation as a way to maintain vitality.

Dosages

Typical daily doses for adults range from 30–100 milligrams (mg), though higher amounts are sometimes used therapeutically.

According to physician Jacob Teitelbaum, MD, individuals with significant fatigue may benefit from higher doses: “400 mg of CoQ10 daily for six weeks, followed by 200 mg per day thereafter.”

He also notes that CoQ10 is particularly important for people taking cholesterol-lowering statin medications, which can reduce CoQ10 levels in the body.

For best absorption, take CoQ10 with a meal containing fat. Once absorbed, most CoQ10 is converted into its active form, ubiquinol, which is also available as a supplement and may offer enhanced bioavailability.

Safety and Considerations

CoQ10 is generally well tolerated, but there are a few important considerations:

• It may interact with blood-thinning medications such as warfarin
• Mild gastrointestinal side effects can occur, especially at higher doses. Taking smaller, divided doses may improve tolerance.
• Because it can be mildly stimulating, it’s best taken earlier in the day
• Always consult a healthcare provider before starting supplementation, especially if you take medications or have underlying health conditions.

The Bottom Line

CoQ10 is a versatile nutrient that supports energy production and overall cellular health. While deficiencies are uncommon, certain conditions, medications, and aging may lower levels—making supplementation a helpful option for some people. As with any supplement, informed use and professional guidance are key.

The hormone melatonin plays an important role in regulating the body’s clock. As the sun sets, the pea-sized pineal gland (named after its pinecone shape), located in the deepest recesses of the brain, begins to pump out the hormone melatonin. 

Melatonin levels remain high for the following eight to 10 hours. But when sunlight hits the retinas—even through the eyelids—melatonin production is suppressed. 

The rise and fall of this hormone figure prominently in the body’s circadian rhythm, which regulates the sleep/wake cycle. People with insomnia tend to have lower levels of melatonin, as do shift workers and frequent fliers. 

When to Take Melatonin

Taking supplemental melatonin 30 to 60 minutes before the desired bedtime may help many people who have trouble falling asleep. If you’re using a liquid or fast-acting form, you can take it as early as 20 minutes before bed. 

For body-clock issues (jet lag or shift work), timing may matter more than the amount you take. 

Dosage

The dosage of 1 milligram (mg) of melatonin is a standard recommendation, although even as little as 0.5 mg can convince the body that it’s time to hit the hay. Several studies have successfully used higher dosages of 2 to 3 mg to help get sleep schedules back in sync. Many sleep experts now recommend starting with the lowest effective dose—often 0.3 to 1 mg. To ensure you’re getting enough melatonin in your supplements, choose third-party-tested products.

Who Should Avoid Melatonin?

People with epilepsy should not take this hormone because of concerns that it may increase seizures; those taking medicines that slow blood-clotting like warfarin should not use melatonin because it could increase the risk of bleeding. Melatonin may also interfere with blood pressure medicine, medicine for diabetes, and immunosuppressants.

Some people’s dreams become more intense with melatonin use. Others may feel drowsy upon waking. 

Is Melatonin Safe for Kids?

Melatonin use in children shows promise for kids with long-standing or difficult-to-treat sleep problems. Among the reported side effects of melatonin use in children, the Sleep Foundation reports agitation, bedwetting, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache, and mood swings and notes, “Because melatonin is a hormone, some health professionals have suggested that taking it as a supplement could interfere with a child’s development.” 

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine advises that parents speak to their pediatrician before giving melatonin to children.

It may not be glamorous. But fiber’s effects in the body—from blood sugar stabilization and weight control to disease prevention—are nothing short of show-stopping.

Dietary fiber has been consistently linked to protecting against the development of Type 2 diabetes. Clinical studies show that higher fiber intake, especially from whole foods, lowers blood sugar markers and fasting blood glucose. 

And while fiber doesn't directly "speed up metabolism," it does modulate metabolic systems by

• reshaping gut bacteria
• improving insulin sensitivity
• and affecting how your body process and stores energy.

There's more. Research has demonstrated fiber’s cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory abilities. Studies shows it reduces the risk of many types of cancer, including breast cancer (postmenopausal), colorectal, pancreatic, endometrial, ovarian, esophageal, and gastric. Recent research indicates fiber may even reduce your risk of dementia. One 16-year study followed almost 4,000 adults ages 40 to 64 and found that those who consumed the most daily fiber, an average of 20 grams, experienced the lowest dementia rates. 

How Much Fiber Do You Need?

The recommended daily fiber intake is 21 to 25 grams for women and 30 to 38 grams for men. Ninety-five percent of Americans fail to reach the recommended daily amounts. 

Soluble and Insoluble Fiber

Found exclusively in plant foods, fiber is either soluble or insoluble. 

Soluble fiber aids nutrient absorption by creating a gel in your gut that feeds beneficial gut bacteria as it slows digestion and carbohydrate absorption. This helps provide a steadier insulin response and prevents blood sugar crashes. 

Insoluble fiber adds bulk to the stool, helping waste—and toxins—pass more quickly from the intestines. It helps with satiety and calorie control and is associated with lower body weight and reduced fat over time. 

While both types of fiber are important, soluble fiber in particular has been shown to benefit healthy cholesterol. One study found that 6 grams daily of concentrated oat beta glucan reduced total and LDL cholesterol in men and women with elevated levels after 6 weeks.

Other research shows that a low saturated-fat diet supplemented with another source of soluble fiber, psyllium (Plantago ovata husk), also raised HDL (healthy) cholesterol levels compared to supplementation with insoluble fiber.

In addition to psyllium, good sources of soluble fiber include oats, beans, lentils, and apples. Good sources of insoluble fiber include whole wheat, brown rice, and many vegetables. 

Total fiber (both soluble and insoluble) from food sources appears to have an inverse relationship with certain cancers. One large-scale study indicates that the highest intake of dietary fiber (more than 30 grams per day, especially from whole-grain cereals and fruit) was linked to a reduced risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women.

Varieties of Fiber

You may be surprised to learn that the classification of fiber does not end with soluble and insoluble. There are several different types.

Brans, gums, and mucilages 

These help regulate blood glucose and lower cholesterol levels while supporting toxin removal. Find these types in oatmeal, oat and rice bran, sesame and fennel seeds, and dried beans. Guar gum also belongs in this group—but anyone who has trouble swallowing or has experienced GI surgery is wise to avoid this fiber source.

Psyllium Husk 

A strong internal cleanser, psyllium husk is one of the most popular supplemental fibers for regularity. This viscous fiber source thickens in the gut, binding bile acids. It helps in lowering LDL cholesterol and improving markers of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of five conditions—abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol—that significantly increase a person's risk of heart disease, stroke, and Type 2 diabetes. 

If you're new to supplementing with fiber, start by mixing a half teaspoon of psyllium into a glass of water or a protein shake. As your gastrointestinal tract adjusts to the increased fiber (too much too fasts causes GI issues), you can build up to taking 5 grams twice daily

Cellulose

Cellulose is the indigestible fiber found in the skins of plant foods. Useful sources include apples, beets, broccoli, carrots, celery, pears, and whole grains. Helpful for regularity and hemorrhoids, cellulose removes cancer-causing substances from the colon.

Hemicellulose

Hemicellulose is another complex carbohydrate the body cannot digest. As it moves through the digestive system, it absorbs water—helping to promote weight control and alleviate constipation, and supporting intestinal and colon health. 

Apples, bananas, beans, corn, green leafy vegetables, pears, and whole-grain cereals contain hemicellulose.

Lignan Fiber

Lignan fiber is most abundant in flaxseeds but is also found in apricots, broccoli, cabbage, kale, sesame seeds, tofu, and whole grains, among other plant-based foods. This form may support healthy cholesterol. A phytoestrogen, lignan is not recommended in supplement form for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Pectin

Pectin helps control blood sugar by slowing the absorption of food after meals. Find this soluble fiber in apples, grapefruits, oranges, and other fruits, veggies, and legumes.

A nutritional supplement called modified citrus pectin, or MCP, is a form of pectin that has been molecularly altered to improve its bioavailability. Its potential benefits include removal of heavy metals from the body and cancer prevention.

Experts recommend alternating among several different supplemental fiber sources along with a fiber-rich diet. If you choose to take single or combination fiber formulas, do so at a separate time from any other supplements or medications to avoid decreasing the latter’s effectiveness.

Berberine, an alkaloid compound found in plants, has been used for thousands of years in Ayurveda, the traditional health system of India, and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). It’s becoming increasingly popular due to its potential in supporting healthy metabolism of blood sugar. 

Berberine Sources

Berberine is found in the barberry family (the most sustainable source), Oregon grape root, and goldenseal, an additional source that is also the least sustainable due to overharvesting issues across North America.

What the Science Shows

In addition to supporting healthy metabolism of blood sugar, studies have shown berberine also greatly benefits metabolism, healthy blood pressure, and blood cholesterol. In clinical research, berberine exerted positive changes in

• Blood sugar levels
• Blood cholesterol levels
• Gut health

Bioavailability of Berberine

However, bioavailability is a serious issue with raw or unprocessed berberine, as absorption in the small intestine is notoriously low. Plus, the recommended dosage can be intolerable for the gastrointestinal system.

Because berberine is poorly absorbed, enhanced delivery formats—such as phytosome complexes—have been developed to improve bioavailability and tolerability. A phytosome combines a natural ingredient, such as berberine, with a phospholipid (a type of fat molecule). The phospholipid makes the active ingredient more accessible to the body. It also makes berberine easier to absorb. 

Berberine & the Gut Microbiome

In studies, berberine shows promise in modulating the human gut microbiome. As a potential prebiotic, berberine’s antimicrobial properties may help reduce harmful bacteria while creating a hospitable environment for helpful microbes, including Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila).  Low levels of this bacterium have been linked to metabolic and weight issues, as well as chronic inflammation. 

A.muciniphila stimulates the intestinal mucin lining, to maintain its integrity and protective qualities. Studies indicate it may impact small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and improve the quality of life for those living with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), based on self-reported assessments.

Blood Sugar & Cholesterol

Clinical trial results point to berberine’s beneficial impact on healthy levels of cholesterol and blood sugar. 

AMPK is an enzyme that can be produced only by the body. It serves as an energy sensor, synching metabolic changes for optimal energy production and storage. Berberine has been shown to stimulate AMPK, which affects both the body’s use of glucose for short- and long-term energy and the metabolism of cholesterol. It helps remove cholesterol from the bloodstream and inhibits the formation of lipids by the liver. Studies show berberine can increase levels of beneficial HDL cholesterol while lowering triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol.

The hormone insulin moves glucose from the bloodstream to cells, where it is used for energy production. Berberine has been shown to support healthy insulin sensitivity for cells, as well as to promote satiety and healthy blood sugar levels. In studies of the phytosome form, subjects reported a positive impact on body composition, including changes in adipose tissue distribution.

Dosage

Berberine shouldn’t be taken during pregnancy or while breastfeeding without checking first with your physician. Berberine may interact with prescription medications, most notably metformin, with which it shares a similar mechanism of action. Berberine can prolong bleeding time. If you are on medications or considering surgery, always discuss any and all supplements you are taking with your clinician.

Aromatherapy can significantly reduce allergy symptoms.

A 2025 systematic review of randomized trials found that inhaled herbal therapies—including aromatherapy-style delivery—may improve allergic rhinitis symptoms.

In another study, participants were instructed to apply a mixture of almond, sandalwood, frankincense, and ravensara oils to a fragrance pad, sit about 12 inches away, and inhale the scent with normal breathing for five minutes twice daily. A control group used only the almond oil.

All participants suffered from perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR), which is triggered by allergens in the environment and causes sneezing, runny nose, stuffy nose, and consequent sleep disruption. None had used aromatherapy before, and none were currently taking any medication for their allergies.

After eight days of aromatherapy treatment, the researchers concluded that the blended oils “alleviated subjective symptoms, improved the disease-specific quality of life, and reduced fatigue among adult patients with PAR.”

Other Natural Tools to Manage Symptoms

Nasal rinsing tools can physically clear allergens, dust, and mucus from the nasal passage and help manage symptoms of perennial allergic rhinitis. 

Consider products like neti pots or squeeze bottles with saline and/or xylitol solutions. 

Herbs such as quercetin, stinging nettle, and butterbur (PA-free for safety) are also commonly used for allergy relief.

Cardiovascular disease remains an enormous health problem throughout the industrialized world. In the United States, approximately 80 million people suffer from some form of this condition.

“In nearly every year for which we have records, heart disease has been the number one cause of death in the United States,” says nutritionist Gary Null, PhD.

It’s no wonder: “Overall, there are 247 risk factors that can damage the heart,” explains complementary physician David Steenblock, DO.

Risks range from daily exposure to air pollution, smoke, and processed foods as well as underlying issues, including inflammation, genetics, and metabolic health.

Three Key Approaches to Supporting Heart Health

• Manage your Blood Pressure

  High blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the most common risk factors for heart disease. Because it typically has no obvious symptoms, it's often called a "silent condition."

  “Even a slight elevation in blood pressure is enough to raise the risk of heart disease,” says integrative physician Michael Janson, MD.

  Hypertension can occur at any age, though African-Americans, middle-aged and older people, and anyone with Type 2 diabetes, gout, obesity, or kidney disease are most likely to be affected.

  Check your pressure regularly and aim for readings to be below 120 (systolic—the top number) and 80 (diastolic—the bottom number). A reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher may indicate hypertension under newer guidelines.

  For many people, reducing salt intake can lower blood pressure, as does maintaining a healthy weight. Limiting alcohol and added sugars can also help.

  Nutritionally, minerals such as potassium and magnesium play an important role in regulating blood pressure. According to Carolyn Dean, MD, ND, adequate magnesium intake can support healthy vascular function. Research has shown that higher dietary magnesium levels are associated with a significantly lower risk of sudden cardiac death and coronary heart disease in women. 

  Some practitioners also recommend supplements such as CoQ10 (higher dietary intake is associated with a lower risk of developing hypertension), aged garlic extract (which significantly reduces systolic blood pressure), and omega-3 fatty acids to support circulation and heart function. Other useful supplements include hawthorn formulations (shown to significantly reduce total cholesterol and triglycerides in trials), L-arginine, lecithin, and medicinal mushrooms (maitake, reishi, and shiitake).

  Dr. Null also recommends vitamins C and B6, and L-glutamine, adding that “green vegetable juices are natural blood thinners.”

• Support Healthy Cholesterol Levels

  Cholesterol balance is another cornerstone of heart health, but it's not just about total cholesterol.

  Research suggests that it is the ratio of LDL to HDL that is a better predictor of heart attack risk than total cholesterol, according to Cardiologist Stephen Sinatra, MD.

  For example, a ratio of 5:1 or greater LDL (lousy) cholesterol to HDL (healthy) cholesterol is associated with a greater risk of heart attack than a ratio below 5:1.

  “Since low levels of HDL are a serious risk factor for coronary disease,” he adds, raising “good” cholesterol “to respectable levels definitely will reduce your cardiac risk.”

  L-carnitine has been shown to raise HDL levels, and taken in combination with CoQ10, D-ribose, and magnesium, it has been a “terrific nutritional support in [Dr. Sinatra’s] practice of cardiology.”

  It's worth noting that some cholesterol-lowering medications, such as statins, may reduce levels of CoQ10 in the body, making nutritional support an important consideration for some individuals (always under medical guidance). 

  CoQ10 is an antioxidant coenzyme that inhibits LDL oxidation, improves circulation, potentially prevents clot formation, and appears to protect against a range of cardiovascular problems such as aortic valve disease, congestive heart failure, and coronary artery disease.

  Other supplements help lower cholesterol too.

  Magnesium acts like a natural statin, Dr. Dean says, lowering LDL and raising HDL levels.

  In addition, enzymes dependent on this important mineral help convert essential fatty acids to prostaglandins, hormone-like substances that are vital for heart health. Based on the findings of four controlled trials, researchers recommend an intake of at least 500 milligrams (mg) per day of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) for healthy individuals, and up to 1,000 mg daily for those with coronary heart disease and heart failure.

  The American Heart Association supports dietary fiber and omega 3s as part of a heart-healthy diet, particularly for triglyceride management. 

  A randomized clinical trial at UCLA found that aged garlic (along with B vitamins, folic acid, and L-arginine) fights oxidation, retarding the progress of heart disease.

  One study shows that drinking green tea modulates cholesterol metabolism and lowers LDL oxidation.

• Alleviate Depression

  Depression has been linked to both high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease, including heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Even in young adults with no symptoms of heart disease, depression appears to produce a thickening of cardiovascular tissue, a risk factor for heart disease.

  Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency has been found to be a preventable cause of both depression and heart disease. Because many people with mood disorders are found to be low in magnesium, consider supplementing with that mineral as well.

  Dr. Null recommends SAMe (S-adenosyl-l-methionine) and L-carnitine.